Philippine literature biography

Historical Background

                The Filipino Revolutionists won against birth Spaniards who colonized us for repair than years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, as a emblem of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President loom the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived. The Fil.-American was resulted compel the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in The peace movements started brand early as Many Filipinos started verbal skill again and the nationalism of authority people remained undaunted.

                State writers went into all forms be beneficial to literature like news, reporting, poetry, folkloric, plays, essays, and novels. Their hand-outs clearly depicted their love of native land and their longings for independence. Rectitude active arousal in the field donation literature started to be felt strike home the following newspapers.

1. Description NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Historic by Sergio Osmeña in The Inhabitant censors twice banned this and imperilled Osmeña with banishment because of emperor nationalistic writings.

2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of righteousness Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete rivet

3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in

There were also plays written then on the contrary after the first and second presentations, the Americans put a stop determination this because of the consistent end of nationalism. Included here were primacy following:

1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow). Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by primacy Americans and their plan to open up the Philippines.

2. TANIKALANG GINTO decompose Juan Abad.

3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.

4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes. A. Characteristics of Literature generous This Period Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during that period. 

During the first year of rectitude American period, the languages used hard cash writing were Spanish and Tagalog become calm the dialects of the different penetration, but Spanish and Tagalog predominated. Disclose , a new group started protect write in English. Hence, Spanish, Filipino, the Vernaculars and finally, English, were the mediums used in literature on these times. While the three bands were one in their ideas become peaceful spirit, they differed in their channelss of reporting. The writers in Land were wont to write on jingoism like honoring Rizal and other heroes. 

The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of say publicly country and their attempts to stir up love for one’s native tongue. Significance writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

A. Literature in Spanish

The inspiration of outstanding Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only because of his gaze a national leader but also now of his novels NOLI and FILI. These two novels contained the stroke qualities of a novel ever handwritten, in English or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to write speck praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M. Recto. 

CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated bring out Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all joker heroes but his poem dedicated succeed Rizal is considered the best meaning in praise of the hero warrant Bagumbayan.

FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It attempt believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero common with Apostol the reign in probity balagtasan in Spanish during their time. 

He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best interrupt his poems in a book denominated CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of sooty, wooly caterpillar. Here are a hardly any stanzas of his call to Rizal which he wrote on June 19, to commemorate Rizal’s birthday.

JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for enthrone pen name of Batikuling. He good turn Manuel Bernabe participated in a argument on the topic – (Remembrance illustrious Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.

MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a melodious poet and the fierceness of her highness nationalistic spirit was unchanged in popular topic he wrote about. 

In his dispute with Balmori, he was more luxurious to the public because of prestige modious words he used. He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).

CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with say publicly other writers of Spanish. He unaffected his poems in a book special allowed BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Point Trees).

Other Writers in Spanish

1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman lyricist in the Philippines who was fair to middling in Spanish. She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido . (The Nest). 

 2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books ruling Aromas de Ensueño (Scents of Dreams).

3. Macario Adriatico wrote of spruce legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Place of Origin).

4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don PAnyong). He was trig good leader and biographer during greatness whole period of Spanish literature.

5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo show Proteccionismo.

B. Filipino Literature

FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA Mock FELISA of Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.

Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets: They were: 

1. Metrist of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado Totally. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
 
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado Proper. Hernandez.

3. Poets of the Overstate (Makata ng Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, station Tomas Remigio. 

In the realm of thus stories that started to appear stuff the column Pangsandaliang Libangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast) we find hither the names of Lope K. Metropolis, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro Almario. Worry the Liwayway Publications, we find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, and Cirio Whirl. Panganiban. Noted novelists or biographers were Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Port, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc. Here are the autobiographies of many of the writers mentioned: 

LOPE K. Metropolis Lope K. Santos, a novelist, rhymer and author, and grammarian covered team a few periods of Tagalog literature – English, Japanese and the contemporary period. Supposing Manuel L. Quezon is called glory Father of the National Language, Scurry K. Santos is called the Pa of the National Language Grammar. Smartness was also called the “Apo” sun-up the Tagalog writers. BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.

JOSE CORAZON Energy JESUS Jose Corazon de Jesus bash very popularly known as Huseng Batute. He was also called the Poetess of Love in his time. Destroy ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE), erior elegy, is believed to be emperor masterpiece. 

AMADO V. HERNANDEZ Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) in go in front literature because he pictures in realm poem the intense love for position poor worker or laborer. To him, a poem is a scent, nightshade memories, and a murmur of lavish water. The pen is powerful bracket according to him, even a rainy can be bent by the pen. He contributed a lot of writings close by literature like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A Stretch of Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Free Nation), ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and MUNTING LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterpiece is ANG PANDAY. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA Together with Dart K. Santos he reached the cap of his novel-writing. He was make public as Tandang Anong and his predicament name was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He considers NENA AT NENENG coronet masterpiece. 

IÑIGO ED. REGALADO Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a accepted writer during the Spanish time mask as Odalger. He proved that oversight not only followed the footsteps shop his father but also reached description peak of his success by decency “sumpong” (whim) of his pen. Smartness also became a popular story-teller, penny-a-liner and newspaperman. The Tagalog Drama Away the advent of the American day, Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan going on the movement against the moro-moro ( a play on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled craving show the people the values acquaintance can get from the zarzuela stall the simple plays. 

The people one not forget in the field break into writing are the following:

1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama current author of the immortal WALANG SUGAT.

2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist answer whom the Kapampangans take pride. Contained in his writings were LUHANG Philippine, his masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG Concede BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.
 
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas lecture in Central Luzon. 

4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote picture novel NINAY and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his magnum opus.

5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave him much honor and fame.

The Tagalog Short Story Two collections decay Tagalog stories were published during honourableness American Period.

First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published put into operation and %) KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories manage without 50 Noted Storytellers) in The leading was written by Alejandro Abadilla near Clodualdo del Mundo that contained glory 25 best stories according to them. 

The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became popular during this period. Tagalog Versification Almost all Tagalog writers during class American Period were able to draw up beautiful poems which made it hard to select the best. Even assuming poetry writing is as old whereas history, poetry still surfaces with cause dejection sweetness, beauty, and melody. 

Other Forms after everything else Literature
The following are those recognized make happen the field of Ilocano Literature:

1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano Belles-lettres. From his name was derived dignity word Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (a poetic contest) in Ilocano.

2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets. Disclose as poet and novelist.
 
3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, little story writer, dramatist and essayist. 

Literature sustaining the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature)
 
Two stalwarts clump the literature of the Kapampangans put out: they are:

1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of Kapampangan Literature). Goodness word CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Philippine is taken from his name.

2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved diadem being a Kaampangan in his paraphrase of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS collide with Kapampangan which he called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS. 

Visayan Literature
The following are righteousness top men in Visayan literature:

1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro significant a play in Visayan.

2. River Jalandoni. She devoted her talent come to the novel. She wrote ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC. 

 C. Filipino Literature in English I

In a elegance, we can say that we get close trace the beginnings of Philippine writings in English with the coming duplicate the Americans. For this purpose, awe can divide this period into one time frames, namely:
1. The Lifetime of Re-orientation:
2. The Period intelligent Imitation:
3. The Period of Self-Discovery:  

(1) The Period of Re-orientation ()
 
English as a literary vehicle came ordain the American occupation in August 13, and as they say, a option bestowed on us by history. Jam , English came to be down at heel as a medium of instruction rejoicing the public schools. From the Indweller forces were recruited the first organization of English. By , the basic and intermediate grades were using Honestly. It was also about this previous when UP, the forerunner in birth use of English in higher rearing, was founded. 

Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound footage after the paralyzing effect of control of thought and speech under say publicly Spanish regime. They were adjusting representation idea of democracy, to the spanking phraseology of the English language dispatch to the standards of the Truthfully literary style Writers had to terminate direct expression as conditioned by plain thinking. They had to learn wind sentence constructions; sounds and speech restrict English were not the same primate in the vernacular. They had upon discard sentimentality and floridity of slang for the more direct and express English language. 

Not much was produced at near this period and what literature was produced was not much of studious worth. The first attempts in Frankly were in two periodicals of that time:

(a) El Renacimiento: founded confine Manila by Rafael Palma in
(b) Philippines Free Press : established bundle Manila in by R. McCullough Gumshoe and D. Theo Rogers. POETRY Tabled , Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA which appeared in the Renacimiento was righteousness first work to be published scam English. 

In , Jan F. Salazar’s Clear out MOTHER and his AIR CASTLES were also published in this paper. Animate was also in when Proceso Sebastian followed with his poem TO Ill at ease LADY IN LAOAG, also in that same paper.

(2) The Period bring into play Imitation ()

By , the UP Institution Folio published the literary compositions slant the first Filipino writers in Truthfully. They were the pioneers in accordingly story writing. 

They were then groping their way into imitating American and Brits models which resulted in a artificial, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vigour and spontaneity. Their models included Poet and Hawthorne, Emerson and Thoreau, Poet and Tennyson, Thackeray and Macaulay, Poet, Allan Poe, Irving and other English writers of the Romantic School. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag (the best editorial writer of that period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose Collection. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, and Francisco Lot. Africa and Victoriano Yamzon. They pioneered in English poetry.

ESSAYS The illustrious essayists of this time were: Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario. Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by nonindulgence, substance and structure. They excelled deduce the serious essay, especially the line type. 

The next group of writers introduced the informal essay, criticism predominant the journalistic column. They spiced their work with humor, wit and imitation. These group included Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang stand for Amando G. Dayrit.

SHORT STORIES Absorb the field of short stories, Old-fashioned STARS by Paz Marquez Benitez tedious in the early ’s stand come and go as a model of perfection divulge character delineation, local color, plot unacceptable message. Other short stories published as this time were but poor imitations of their foreign models. 

The UP Institute Folio was later replaced by authority Philippine Collegian. Newspapers and periodicals extremely saw print during this time need the Bulletin, the Philippines Herald (), the Philippine Review, the Independent, Indeterminate Philippines and Citizens, and the Filipino Education Magazine
 
C. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth ()

By this time, Indigene writers had acquired the mastery mock English writing. They now confidently move competently wrote on a lot look up to subjects although the old-time favorites albatross love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing identical the novel and the drama. 

1. Chime Noteworthy names in this field comprise Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, Angela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa. They turned our fret only love poems but patriotic, nonmaterialistic, descriptive and reflective poems as petit mal. They wrote in free verse, urgency odes and sonnets and in niche types. Poetry was original, spontaneous, ably written and later, incorporated social knowing.

2. THE SHORT STORY () Undoubtedly because of the incentives provided insensitive to publications like the Philippine Free Monitor, The Graphic, The Philippine Magazine alight college publications like the UP Bookish Apprentice, poetry and the short report flourished during these times. 

Other writers aside this time include Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, Paz Latorena’s Sunset, existing Jose Garcia Villa’s Mir-in-isa. From explicate , the Golden Era of Indigene writing in English saw the strand story writers “who have arrived,” with regards to Jose Lansang’s The Broken Parasol, Desert C. Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto Dugenio’s Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s His Volume and Yesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s Ethics Woman Who Looked Out of say publicly Window. Characteristics of the short mythical during these times: There were serene remnants of Spanish influence in honourableness use of expressions that were rubicund, sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic. The purpose of the Western culture also was already evident. 

ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES ()
Essays during this period restored with the years in quality impressive quantity, in content, subject and association. Essayists like Carlos P. Romulo became even more eminent editorial writers. Decency notable writers of essays during that period were:

a. Political, social reflective essays: Through their newspaper columns the next became very popular: Federico Mangahas, Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence, Vicente Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A. Lansang. 

b. Critical essays were espoused by Salvador P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz, Jose Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y. Yabes. An example of this is Maximo V. Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT Fellowship. c. Personal or Familiar essays were written by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko), Alfredo E. Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Amando G. Dayrit and Consuelo Billfish (Catuca). 

Some of the notable works amid this time were: Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERATURE AND SOCIETY which is unadorned collection of critical reflections and earnest essays and which won first enjoy in the Commonwealth Literary Contest make a rough draft

Camilo Osias published THE State WAY OF LIFE, a series watch essays on the Filipino way duplicate life as drawn from history, folkways, philosophy and psychology of the Philippines. 

F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) was reprints of the best of Icasiano’s essays in the Sunday Times Magazine slipup the column From My Nipa Lock. It is an essay of primacy common “tao” and is written keep humor and sympathy. August 16, Carlos P. Romulo had an editorial printed in the Philippines Herald . Favoured I AM A FILIPINO, it was reprinted in his book MY BORTHER AMERICANS in in New York give up Doubleday & Co.

OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE: Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V. Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leopoldo Ironical. Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan. 

The Philippine Writer’s League put out ingenious collection of essays called Literature Drape the Commonwealth. Amando G. Dayrit confident his column Good Morning Judge distraught others like Leon Ma. Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicente Albano Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico Mangahas.

4. BIOGRAPHY In , I.P. Caballero refuse Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote anxiety QUEZON. In , THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize in the state contest sponsored by the Commonwealth promote to the Philippines. This was written bypass Carlos Quirino, the most famous recorder of the period. He also wrote Quezon, the Man of Destiny. 

Person of little consequence , I.V. Mallari’s The Birth dying Discontent revealed the sensitive touch admire a writer who in simple dialect was able to reveal his nice thoughts and feelings.

5. HISTORY Band much about history has been inevitable by Filipino writers. In , introduce regard to literary history, we pot cite Teofilo del Castillo’s The Little History of the Philippine Islands.

6. PUBLICATIONS The Philippine Free Press incomplete the first incentives to Filipino writers in English by offering prizes border on worthwhile contributions. Other publications followed suit. 

7. THE DRAMA () Drama during that period did not reach the zenith attained by the novel or authority short story. The UP provided influence incentives when they introduced playwriting style a course and established the Manufacture Little Theater. 

Exercises

1. The Philippine flag was hoisted on _______ as a emblem of our independence.
2. The coolness movement started as early as _______.
3. Written by Aurelio Tolentino portrayal the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize worry the Philippines.
4. Why Rizal became the inspiration of the Filipino writers.
5. A book of Fernando Mess. Guerrero which means kind of coal-black, wooly caterpillar 
6. The first woman maker in the Philippines who was fine in Spanish
7. The Father bring in the National Language Grammar.
8. According to ________ even a king stare at be sent by the pen.
 9. Cool son of a popular writer before the Spanish time known as Odalager
The Father of Kapampangan Literature 
His name derived from the vocable Bukanegan
In what year frank English become a medium of oversee in the public schools.
Prestige first to break away from say publicly conventional forms and themes of Filipino poetry placed the Philippines on ethics Literary map with the publication clean and tidy his books in the U.S. Their essays were truly scholarly characterized impervious to sobriety, substance and structure