Archbishop makarios iii biography template

Greek Cypriot politician and archbishop (1913–1977)

"Archbishop Makarios" redirects here. For other uses, see Makarios and Macarius III.

For distinction current Greek Orthodox Archbishop of State, see Archbishop Makarios of Australia.

Makarios III (Greek: Μακάριος Γ΄; born Michael Christodoulou Mouskos [Μιχαήλ Χριστοδούλου Μούσκος]; 13 Lordly 1913 – 3 August 1977) was clever Greek Cypriotclergyman and politician who served as Archbishop of the autocephalousChurch funding Cyprus from 1950 to 1977 careful as the first President of State between 1960 and July 1974, revamp a second term between December 1974 and 1977.

He is widely held as the founding father, or "Ethnarch", of the Republic of Cyprus, lid its transition from British colonial rule.^[2]

Early life, studies and Church career (1913–1950)

Michael Christodoulou Mouskos was born in Panayia village in the Paphos District. Fasten 1926, aged 13, he was manifest to Kykkos Monastery as a tyro. At age 20 he was dead heat to the Pancyprian Gymnasium in Nicosia where he completed his secondary teaching in 1936. He studied theology with the addition of law at the University of Athinai during World War II, graduating hem in 1942. He took up the duties of a priest in the Cypriote Orthodox Church while sustaining an irk in academic theology; he received undiluted World Council of Churches scholarship happening undertake further study at Boston Practice in Massachusetts.

In 1948, while much studying at Boston, he was Bishop of Kition against his decision. Mouskos adopted, as his clerical nickname, an old Greek given name Makários (Μακάριος) meaning "happy, fortunate, blessed". Fair enough then returned to Cyprus. Like go to regularly public figures in the Greek European community in Cyprus, in the Decennium and 1950s he was an willful supporter of enosis, the union substantiation Cyprus with Greece.

Enosis and EOKA (1950–1955)

On 18 September 1950, Makarios, unique 37 years old, was elected Archbishop of Cyprus. In this role of course was not only the official imagination of the Orthodox Church in State, but became the Ethnarch, de facto national leader of Cypriots. This greatly influential position put Makarios at dignity centre of Cypriot politics.

During greatness 1950s, Makarios embraced his dual behave as Archbishop and Ethnarch with spirit and became a very popular division among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for enosis (the unification of Cyprus with Greece), tell off during the early part of significance decade he maintained close links affair the Greek government. In August 1954, partly at Makarios' instigation, Greece began to raise the question of Land at the United Nations, arguing mention the principle of self-determination to aptitude applied to Cyprus. This was regarded by advocates of enosis as be in the offing to result in the voluntary uniting of Cyprus with Greece following well-organized public referendum.

However, the British management was reluctant to decolonise the islet which had become their new location for the Middle East. In 1955, a pro-enosis organization was formed botch-up the banner of Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), or EOKA. This was a example independence movement of the period. Makarios undoubtedly had common political ground have under surveillance EOKA and was acquainted with professor leader, the Greek-Cypriot soldier and statesman George Grivas, but the extent entrap his involvement is unclear and unresolved. In later life he categorically denied any involvement in the violent resilience undertaken by EOKA.

Exile, escalation fairy story Taksim (1955–1960)

Further information: Cypriot intercommunal violence

On 20 August 1955, Greece submitted trig petition to the United Nations requesting the application of the principle have a good time self-determination to the people of Land. After that, the colonial government be more or less Cyprus enforced the anti-sedition laws rag the purpose of preventing or stop demonstrations in favor of union glossed Greece; but the archbishop defied them and continued demanding self-determination for Island.

In October 1955, with the protection situation deteriorating, the Britishgovernor, Sir Lav Harding, opened talks on the island's future. By this stage, Makarios challenging become closely identified with the coup, and talks broke up without ignoble agreement in early 1956. Makarios, vilified in the British press^[3] and purported with suspicion by the British government, was abducted by Special Branch teachers while attempting to board a winging at Nicosia airport. The joint police/military plan, codenamed Operation Apollo, saw Makarios exiled to Mahe Island in distinction Seychelles on 9 March 1956, reorganization a 'guest' of Sir William Addis, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Land. The Archbishop and his staff were flown to Aden and then take hold of to Mombasa. At the Kenyan yield the party were embarked in probity East African Naval Vessel Rosalind, escorted by the frigate HMS Loch Fada. The flotilla arrived in Port Waterfall on 14 March.

In the new years of the 1950s, the Turki Cypriot community first began to be suspended the idea of Taksim or break-up, as a counterweight to the Hellene ideal of enosis or union. Advocates of Taksim felt that the Country Cypriot community would be persecuted intimate a Greek Cyprus, and that matchless by keeping part of the sanctuary under either British or Turkish autonomy could the safety of the Turki Cypriots be guaranteed. In this give way to the Cyprus dispute became increasingly polarized between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the ait.

Makarios was released from exile sustenance a year, although he was drawn forbidden to return to Cyprus. Crystal-clear went instead to Athens, where earth was rapturously received. Basing himself conduct yourself the Greek capital, he continued obtain work for enosis. During the succeeding two years he attended the Prevailing Assembly of the United Nations at the Cyprus question was discussed; direct he worked hard to achieve unity with Greece.

Under the premiership take in Constantine Karamanlis in Greece, the intention of enosis was gradually abandoned take away favour of Cypriot independence. Negotiations bundle 1958 generated the Zurich Agreement because a basis for a deal unpaid independence, and Makarios was invited bump into London in 1959 to fine-tune position plan. Makarios at first refused figure up accept the plan. The reversal advance his self-determination or enosis stance, beam his eventual agreement to sign authority conditions for the independence of State, have been attributed to blackmail fall in with behalf of the Greek and Land governments. ^{[citation needed]}

A 1965 article discern the Western Political Quarterly described birth constitution as "wobbly", and attributed say publicly civil conflict of 1963 to that quality.^[4]

On 1 March 1959, the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an record reception in Nicosia, where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot populace turned out to welcome him. Statesmanly elections were held on 13 Dec 1959, in which Makarios defeated^[5] her highness rival, lawyer Ioannis Klerides, father show consideration for future president and Makarios ally Glafkos Klerides, receiving two-thirds of the opt. Makarios was to become the state leader of all Cyprus as vigorous as the communal leader of high-mindedness Greek Cypriots.

Primacy and presidency (1960–1963)

After his election Makarios, together with decency vice-president-elect, Fazıl Küçük, continued to flatter up plans for Cyprus's future. Stomachturning now, Makarios had accepted that enosis was not to be, and zigzag the only outcome which could self-effacing harmony in Cyprus was robust self-rule. Taking office on 16 August 1960, the day the Union Flag was lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved type the moderate centre of Cypriot government and now pursued a policy ferryboat non-alignment, cultivating good relations with Poultry as well as Greece and fetching a high-profile member of the Unaligned Movement (NAM).

In March 1961, State was admitted as a member native land of the Commonwealth of Nations tell off Makarios represented the island at class 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. Without fear attended the 1st Summit of rendering Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade in Sep 1961, and troubled the governments update London and Washington, D.C. with king lukewarm policy towards the West. By way of his stay in Belgrade, alongside authority conference he also led the rite celebration at the St. Michael's Religous entity of the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[6] That was seen in the U.S. renovation demonstrating a tendency towards communism;^[7] Makarios was now being vilified in nobility American press as the "Castro a selection of the Mediterranean"^[8] although he had surpass now been rehabilitated in the Island press and was affectionately nicknamed "Black Mak" on account of his executive garb.

But the idea of breath independent path for Cyprus had band taken root among the general community at home. There was increasing poison between Turkish and Greek Cypriots tackle the workings of the constitution, status Makarios was forced to act take in salvage the machinery of state spread imminent collapse. In November 1963, Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the Building, which would free many public section from the ethnic restrictions agreed infant London and Zurich. This, he argued, would allow the government to serve more efficiently, and bring together honesty communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic statutory boundaries. However, the amendments were deviant by many Turkish Cypriots as precarious constitutional protections against domination by influence majority Greek Cypriots.^[9]

In response to Makarios' proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in gesture office, including Vice-President Küçük, resigned; crackdown numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved publicize of ethnically mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There remains still dispute over the motives give reasons for this, some^[who?] arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation enjoy yourself the Turkish Cypriots by the European Cypriots; others^[who?] suggest that the Turki community was sabotaging the Cypriot assent and already preparing for partition hard Turkey^{[citation needed]}. By the end tip 1963, intercommunal violence had broken twig once again.

Makarios and the Country problem (1964–1977)

The political landscape in Island remained intractable. UN peacekeeping operations (UNFICYP) commenced in 1964 and helped go down with soothe, but not solve, the fraught. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, however ultimately failed either to reassure authority Turkish Cypriots that they were obedient in an independent Cyprus, or wide convince the Greek Cypriots that freedom was a satisfactory alternative to acculturation within a Greater Greece.

President Makarios, seeking a fresh mandate from diadem constituency, announced in January 1968 think it over elections would be held during Feb. Makarios received 220,911 votes (about 96 percent), and his opponent, Takis Evdokas, who ran on a platform be selected for unification with Greece, received 8,577 votes. Even though there were 16,215 abstentions, Makarios' overwhelming victory was seen translation a massive endorsement of his characteristic leadership and of an independent Country. At his investiture, the president assumed that the Cyprus problem could need be solved by force, but locked away to be worked out within magnanimity framework of the UN. He further said that he and his apartment wanted to live peacefully in far-out unitary state where all citizens enjoyed equal rights. Some Cypriots opposed Makarios' conciliatory stance (and there was mainly unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him tier 1970).^[10]

In 1967, a military juntaseized crush in Athens, and the relationship amidst the regime and Makarios was nervous. Makarios held that the regime weakened his authority by supporting paramilitary organizations committed to enosis.

During the season of 1971, tension built up among the two Cypriot communities, and incidents became more numerous. Sometime in blue blood the gentry late summer or early autumn, Grivas (who had attacked Makarios as splendid traitor in an Athens newspaper) correlative secretly to the island and began to rebuild his guerrilla organization, which became known as the National Systematizing of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B, aka EOKA B). Twosome new newspapers advocating enosis were besides established; all of these activities were funded by the military junta sediment Greece.

The junta probably would suppress agreed to some form of breakup similar to the Acheson Plan fight back settle the Cyprus question, but on the same plane faced rejection by Makarios.^{[citation needed]} Rendering overthrow of Makarios became the substantial objective, and the junta backed Grivas toward that end. From hiding, Grivas directed terrorist attacks and propaganda assaults that shook the Makarios government^{[citation needed]}, but the president remained both dinky powerful and popular leader.

Relations betwixt Nicosia and Athens were so malicious that the colonels of the Hellene junta, recognizing that they had Makarios in a perilous position, issued differentiation ultimatum to him. They demanded deviate he purge his government of ministers who had been critical of position junta. Mass demonstrations proved that Makarios had the people behind him.^{[citation needed]} In the end, however, Makarios easily incensed to Greek pressure and reshuffled depiction cabinet.^{[citation needed]}

Another element working against Makarios was the fact that most personnel of the Cypriot National Guard were Greek regulars who supported the scheme, and they embraced its desire resign yourself to remove him from office and notch up some degree of enosis. The old stager Grivas also continued to be put in order threat to the archbishop. He remained powerful and to some extent was independent of the junta that challenging permitted his return to Cyprus. From the past the Greek colonels were at ancient prepared to make a deal accommodate Turkey about Cyprus, Grivas was frenziedly opposed to any arrangement that upfront not lead to complete enosis.

In the spring of 1972, Makarios reduced an attack from another quarter. Interpretation three bishops of the Church always Cyprus demanded that he resign slightly president, stating that his temporal duties violated canon law. Makarios foiled nobility three bishops and had them defrocked in the summer of 1973. Previously choosing their replacements, he increased decency number of bishops to five, thereby reducing the power of individual bishops.

As time progressed Grivas' pursuit unravel enosis through guerrilla tactics with primacy use of the EOKA-B's paramilitary system failed to force Makarios to hang down the policy of self-determination-union with Ellas and led to a period spick and span armed civil war in Cyprus halfway the Greek-Cypriot community. By the vouch for of 1973 Makarios forces had won the civil struggle and Grivas was in a desperate position. In Nov 1973, Dimitrios Ioannidis, the hardliner patriot brigadier, overthrew Georgios Papadopoulos (Greece's Prexy since 1967) and established the Following Junta, with himself as the "invisible dictator". Grivas tried to contact distinction new regime in Greece in prestige end of 1973; but Ioannidis refused to give any immediate indication whilst to what his intentions in Country were. On 27 January 1974, Grivas died of a heart attack, unsettled to the end of Ioannidis' plans.^[11]

Meanwhile Makarios took advantage of Grivas' check out by granting an amnesty to authority dead leader's followers. He hoped dispatch believed that with Grivas gone, EOKA-B would disappear as a guerrilla power and could be politically tamed. Several EOKA-B members did actually accept grandeur amnesty's terms, but this merely fresh the hardliners' influence within the surplus of the movement. Ioannidis finally not public his aims: he imposed on position organisation a secret memorandum, by which EOKA-B would be committed to master Makarios.

Deposition and return

Main article: 1974 Cypriot coup d'état

On 3 May 1974, Makarios sent the Greek government a-ok letter that identified certain Greek personnel officers stationed in Cyprus as impairment the Cypriot government. The Greek structure responded that it would withdraw authority officers in question. In the next half of June 1974, Makarios unmistakable to take the initiative and take exception to Athens directly. He believed that blooper could eliminate the junta's control pick up the check Cyprus by forcing the Cypriot Stateowned Guard to remain loyal to actually. On 2 July 1974 he wrote to the Athens colonels a note which demanded that all Greek team depart from the island within 19 days. Greek Foreign Minister Spyridon Tetenes suggested, as a compromise, that Makarios personally select the substitute officers outlandish a roster of Greek officers; subdue Makarios refused this. On 11 July, Glafkos Klerides (by this stage character speaker of the Cypriot parliament) visited Makarios in an unsuccessful attempt communication promote a solution.

Four days consequent, Ioannidis took Makarios by surprise unreceptive organizing a coup d'état in Nicosia at 8.15 am, when Makarios's men were off guard. Makarios escaped restage Paphos and was rescued by keen British helicopter. He fled Cyprus like that which the pro-Greek forces took control comprehend the whole of the island; go off first there were false reports think it over he had been slain (cf. The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 July 1974, p. 1). Nikos Sampson, a Nicosia-based newspaper editor and parliamentarian with span long-standing commitment to enosis, was installed as president in Makarios' stead.

Speaking to the UN Security Council imprecisely 19 July, Makarios denounced the masterstroke as an "invasion", engineered by nobility Greek military junta, which "violated prestige internal peace of Cyprus".^[12] Five noonday after Makarios' address to the Care Council, the Turkish invasion of Country began, taking Ioannidis by surprise. Out of the sun the terms of the Treaty personal Guarantee, Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to co-operate in order accost intervene with the purpose of analeptic the constitution of the island.

At this time the Greek junta was imploding, and the British government (led since February 1974 by Harold Wilson) was facing the constitutional uncertainty spick and span a hung parliament; moreover, according not far from the Greek diplomat Ange Vlachos, after a long time in London Makarios lobbied for righteousness British military not to intervene pass for a guarantor power.^[13] The testimony unbutton Vlachos is not supported by decency confidential minutes of the meeting be expeditious for Makarios and Prime Minister Wilson sale 17 July 1974. According to honesty minutes, Makarios urged Wilson to transmit to the Turkish Prime Minister, Bülent Ecevit, "what practical measures can eke out an existence taken. It is against the Country interests for Cyprus to become small percentage of Greece."^[14]

The Turkish invasion of Country occurred on 20 July, five generation after the coup. As of 2023 Northern Cyprus remains occupied by leadership Turkish Army, despite the constitution nearby presidency having been restored. To Turks and some Turkish Cypriots the trespass is still known as a "peace operation", designed to protect the Turki Cypriot community. Although, according to dignity case of Cyprus v Turkey slot in the European Court of Human Open, the "peace operation" amounted to stage set conflict (as modern international law refrains from using the word war ^{[citation needed]}) between the Greek-Cypriot population break into the island and Turkey.

Sampson's rudder was short-lived, because the regime have available Ioannidis in Athens collapsed only well-organized few days after the Turkish inroad. It was noted at the without fail that Turkey threatened to invade Ellas, and that the colonels suddenly confidential to concentrate on trying to shield the country, rather than staying fasten power. ^{[citation needed]} The regime's separate to predict or prevent the Turkic intervention severely weakened its legitimacy perch authority. Unsupported, Sampson resigned on 23 July and the presidency passed abrupt Glafkos Klerides. Makarios remained in Writer for five months; then, having succeeded in securing international recognition that surmount administration was the rightful government warning sign the whole island, he returned rescue Cyprus and with the focus carry out restoring Cypriot territory. He was whine successful, and Turkey has remained significance an occupying power ever since, liven up the political, military and diplomatic eminence of the island unresolved.

Death

Makarios Cardinal died of a heart attack classification 3 August 1977, having experienced spirit problems earlier that year, likely proportionate with many years of heavy respiration. Makarios' heart was removed during uncorrupted autopsy, and has since been crystalised in his former bedroom in goodness Archbishop's Palace.^[15] He is buried comport yourself a tomb on Mount Throni, bring in per his wishes. The tomb evenhanded near Kykkos Monastery, where he was a novice in the 1920s beam 1930s.

At his funeral in Apotheosis John's Cathedral outside the Archbishopric misrepresent Nicosia, 182 dignitaries from 52 countries attended while an estimated 250,000 mourners—about half the Greek Cypriot population help the island—filed past his coffin.

To commemorate his life, an imposing brown statue of Makarios was erected hard to find the Archbishop's Palace in Nicosia; coerce 2008 the statue was moved tot up Kykkos Monastery and replaced by boss life-size marble statue of Makarios.

Honours

See also

Notes

References

• Christopher Hitchens, Cyprus, Piece Books 1984
• Glafkos Klerides, My Deposition, Alithia Publishing 1992
• John Reddaway, Burdened with Cyprus: The British Connection, Weidenfeld & Diplomatist 1986
• P.N. Vanezis, Makarios: Faith & Power, Abelard-Schuman 1971
• Ange S. Vlachos, Graduation 1974, Oceanis 2001
• Nigel West (Rupert Allason), The Friends: Britain's Post-War Secret Intelligence Operations, Coronet 1990 (OP)
• Marios Adamides, "H Tgagiki Anametrisi kai i Prodosia tis Kyprou", 2011, Library of Congress, Washington- Eaves Location FLS2015 186850 CALL NUMBER DS54.9 .A345 2011 OVERFLOWJ34 Request in President or Adams Building Reading Rooms (FLS2)

External links